Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Drugs Alcohol Case Study - 1784 Words

CASE STUDY Brian is married with two teenage children. He set up his own company, a packaging business 10 years ago, and has worked hard to make it viable. During this time his use of alcohol has increased. He currently uses alcohol on a daily basis and often consumes a 1.5L of bottle of spirits a day. He hides this from his wife, but she has recently wanted to talk about this, and is angry and frustrated with him. A recent back injury prompted him to go to his GP, who prescribed a codeine based analgesic. The cause of Brian’s heavy drinking falls into both the psychological and social components of the bio/psycho/social model. Although there is no evidence of a biological link in the case study, it is possible that there might be a†¦show more content†¦What’s more, the business might see a decline in production with an increase of financial problems, therefore leading to Brian’s business in receivership. The internal influences that prevent Brian from changing are that: the substances help to calm him down and relax him. He can forget problems at home. It makes him feel more confident in social situations plus it makes him good company. Alcohol helps him to function properly and stay in control. Cost of change will only make Brian Feel more depressed and anxious, have low self esteem, Feel he won’t have anyway of relaxing, therefore increasing stress, Afraid that he won’t fit anywhere therefore forced to change social life. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR CLIENT The Treatment method I would recommend for Brian is the Motivational Interviewing technique. It’s a non-confrontational way of talking and interacting with clients to motivate them to talk openly about their drinking, and to help them decide if changes are necessary. The main objective of this interview is to gather information in order to assess which of the services will best benefit Brian. Because Brian is not willing to give up his alcohol completely, I believe a harm reduction approach would be appropriate for him. WHY? †¢ Because the focus of a harm reduction is on minimizing risks and harmful consequences, and the goals are realistic. There’s human dignity in that it respects the right of Brian to decide whether to continue to drinkShow MoreRelatedDrugs Alcohol Case Study1791 Words   |  8 PagesCASE STUDY Brian is married with two teenage children. He set up his own company, a packaging business 10 years ago, and has worked hard to make it viable. During this time his use of alcohol has increased. He currently uses alcohol on a daily basis and often consumes a 1.5L of bottle of spirits a day. He hides this from his wife, but she has recently wanted to talk about this, and is angry and frustrated with him. A recent back injury prompted him to go to his GP, who prescribed a codeine basedRead MoreCase Study Formulation Drug and Alcohol1248 Words   |  5 Pagesthat cannabis was not a drug of addiction, it is now recognized that cannabis use can lead to substance dependence, according to the internationally accepted DSM-IV definition of ‘substance dependence’ . . With this knowledge in mind, Rick could possibly display withdrawal symptoms such as †¢ Irritability †¢ Frustration †¢ Anxiety †¢ Compulsion to smoke Cannabis 1 presenting problem Rick: Rick appears to have substance use disorder traits; his drug of choice is Cannabis. Read MoreMarijuana Is Safer Than Alcohol1183 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana has been proven to be safer than alcohol, yet marijuana is against the law. Alcohol is known to contribute to acts of violence and crime, while in most cases cannabis can reduce aggression in its users. â€Å"In last year’s cases of reported violent crime three million offenders had been drinking. Almost all cases of date rape, sexual assault, and domestic violence had some kind of connection to alcohol† (Medical Fact: Marijuana is Safer Than Alcohol, 2009). Marijuana has not been linked orRead MoreAlcohol the Most Lethal Drug Essay1426 Words   |  6 PagesAlcohol is the most lethal drug causing injuries, health problems and even deaths to people worldwide. Most people think that because cocaine, heroine and bang are not legalized then they are the most dangerous drugs but this is untrue. Alcohol is the only drug which can cause sudden death to the user in relation to its effects. Taking an example, people drinking in a bar are more likely to engage in a fight and eventually harm one another while somebody using cocaine will be at lower risk of engagingRead MoreEssay on Alcohol vs Marijuana1537 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol vs Marijuana There is no culture in the history of mankind that did not ever use some kind (kinds) of drugs. Despite the well-known consequences of drug addiction, millions of people constantly consume different legal and illegal drugs. Affecting peoples mind and changing their behavior, drugs become one of the most threatening factors of social risk, resulting in increasing rates of mortality, aggressive and criminal behavior, and dissolution of social ties. This paper is devoted toRead MoreGabapentin Versus Lorazepam: Which Drug Is More Effective in the Treatment of Alcohol Withdrawal?1096 Words   |  5 Pagesand there has been ongoing research to seek out drugs that could effectively help to treat alcoholism, acute and long-term. According to an article by Johnson, Swift, Addolorato, Ciraulo, and Myrick (2005), a challenge has been to identify medications that not only reduce the rewarding effects of alcohol, but the dependence, post cessation craving, and the withdrawal craving. Lorazepam and gabapentin have been used for the detoxification of alcohol dependent patients. Lorazepam is a type of benzodiazepineRead MoreThe Effects Of Substance Abuse On Children1364 Words   |  6 Pagesthink about the consequences of bullying, but studies have shown that students who are bullied at school in grades 7-12 are 50% more likely to abuse substances (Promises Treatment Center). Bullying is the act of physical or verbal tormenting over a set amount of time, usually targeted at one person or a group of people. Bullying is an international issue that ruins the victim s emotional well-being. Those who are victims of bullying can turn to drugs or other substances as a form of coping; peopleRead MoreAdolescent Drug Abuse1306 Words   |  6 PagesAdolescent Drug Abuse I.) Introduction: Crack, booze, pot, crystal- from the inner city to the suburbs to small towns, the world of the adolescent is permeated by drugs. When a little harmless experimentation becomes addiction, parents, teachers, and clinicians are often at a loss. For this age group (roughly ages 13 to 23), traditional substance abuse programs simply are not enough (Nowinski, inside cover). Today s society provides many challenges for adolescents that ourRead MoreAlcohol as a Gateway Essays779 Words   |  4 PagesAlcohol and heavy drinking throughout Canada plays a distinctive role in instigating other key addictions. Drinking and consumption abuse can be linked strongly to the abuse of illicit drugs. Binge drinking should be seen as a gateway or portal to the development of poly-drug users. As the gateway drug theory suggests, routine use of less harmful drugs, in this case alcohol, will lead to risk of abusing more serious drugs. Alcohol is so readily available and like any other psychoactive drug it canRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome And The Future Generation877 Words   |  4 PagesFAS better known as Fetal Alcohol Syndrome can be prevented in any case. Women who openly drink alcohol or take drugs while knowing they are pregnant should in fact be found as a criminal. A law was put into effect this previous July in Tennessee stating that in the case you to ok drugs or drank while pregnant, you will be charged as a criminal and will be thrown into jail. Merrill Miller (2014) wrote the article What Are Mothers to Do? How a New Tennessee Law Criminalizes Pregnancy and Promotes Religion

Monday, December 23, 2019

Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development Essay

Psychosocial Development â€Å"Erik Erickson (1902-1994) was best known for his work on stages of psychosocial development and identity crisis† (Cherry, A Brief Biography of His Remarkable Life, 2016). Erickson was able to gain a clear focus on children and was able to interpret what he was seeing by observing children throughout the life, including events of childhood, adulthood, and old age. Erikson s theory posits that every human being passes through several distinct and qualitatively different stages in life, from birth to death. According to him, the stages are universal, and the ages which one is said to have passed from one to another stage are also fairly universal (Ramkumar, 2002). Erikson developed eight stages of psychosocial development that analysis personality, behavior and understanding for facilitating personal development of self and others. Erikson s theory demonstrates that individuals face challenges in each stage of development and may not reach their milestones. According to Erikson, although there is a predominant issue at each stage, the stages are not watertight. Issues of one stage overlap with issues of another; how one has dealt with earlier issues determines how one will resolve later issues (Ramkumar, 2002). Autonomy vs. Shame There are two types of stages within the Early Childhood development; Autonomy vs. Shame and Initiative vs. Guilt. Autonomy vs. Shame range from two to three years of age and begin to explore their world. This age isShow MoreRelatedErikson s Psychosocial Theory And Psychosocial Development1561 Words   |  7 PagesTheories and Theorists Theories are the building blocks of psychology. Theories whether old or new has allowed us to know what we know now. There are many theories in the field of psychology or educational psychology that are important to further understand human behavior. However, this paper will focus on only two theories which are; Erikson’s psychosocial theory and Alfred Adler’s Adlerian theory. Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development has always been a great contribution to the field of psychologyRead MoreErikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development Essay2534 Words   |  11 PagesErik Erikson is a developmental psychologist that was prominent in 1963 who provided a framework that is used as a basis of understanding adolescent mind’s journey through psychosocial development. Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is rooted in a belief that social aspects of development hold a greater importance than the physical and biological. Erikson didn’t see an endpoint in his theory, as throughout life a person keeps developing. As such Erikson’s theory has a total of 8 stagesRead MoreErikson s Psychosocial Development Theory Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pagesas well as being looked at through different developmental theories. Many pages in the Individuals and Families, Diverse Perspectives (Holloway, Holloway Witte, 2010) will be used to help relate the primary research to the secondary research of this project. The ways of socializing children will be mentioned as well as the concept of teaching morals and values to children and how it can be explained through different developmental theories. Teaching morals and values to children can be explainedRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development Essay1177 Words   |  5 Pages Erik Erikson was born in Greman in 1902-1994, American psychoanalyst; known for psychosocial theory of emotional development of human beings. His theory looks at the impact of parents and society on personality development from childhood to adulthood. Erikson believes, each person has to pass through a series of eight stages over there entire life cycle. I will look at the first 3 stages that cover the childhood years. There are set of conflict at each stage, which allows individual to developRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development884 Words   |  4 PagesErik Erikson Erik Erikson was born June 15, 1902. Erikson is best-known for his famous theory of psychosocial development and the concept of the identity crisis. His theories marked an important shift in thinking on personality; instead of focusing simply on early childhood event, his psychosocial theory looked at how social influences contribute to personality throughout the entire lifespan. Erik Erikson died May 12, 1994 due to prostate cancer. (Erik Erikson, 2015). Stages of Psychosocial DevelopmentRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development1445 Words   |  6 PagesErik Erikson was an ego psychologists who developed one of the utmost popular and prominent theories of development. While Erikson’s theory was influenced by psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud s work, Erikson s theory centered on psychosocial development rather than psychosexual development. Erik Erikson s theory of psychosocial development is one of the best-known theories of personality in psychology. Much like Sigmund Freud, Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages. UnlikeRead MoreErik Erikson s Psychosocial Development Theory1518 Words   |  7 PagesABSTRACT This research paper will show a thorough review of Erik Erikson s Psychosocial Development Theory, specifically the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Psychosocial Development, according to Erik Erikson, is a continuity of crisis throughout our lifespan; these challenges will shape our personality and the way we perceive our surroundings. In addition to this, the different stages mentioned in this Theory complement each other and help us to develop the tools to achieve a sense ofRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development Essay1366 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Erik Erikson (1902-1994) provided a new perspective of psychosocial behavior and development while expanding on the works of other theorists. Erikson believed there to be eight stages of psychosocial development which a person transitions through. These stages start at birth and end with old age/death. Erikson’s work is used throughout many outlets of social work. Social workers use this information to help them figure out what is going on with clients and how best to help them. Erikson providesRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development1818 Words   |  8 Pagesinfluential theories in developmental psychology, which is Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. It is a very interesting theory, and although it was influenced by Sigmund Freud, it centers more on the social component rather than the psychosexual stand of Freud. According to Erikson, our personal development occurs as we interact daily with others and have new experiences that shape us throughout our lives. This paper will review the eight stages of the psychosocial theory: 1. TrustRead MoreErikson s Theory For Psychosocial Development1000 Words   |  4 PagesErikson was a theorist who focused on his theory for psychosocial development. The article Psychosocial Identity Development Theories, highlights the keys points and idea of Erikson’s psychosocial theory. Erikson was very focused on the idea of ego identity and obtaining full potential. His theory or â€Å"model† stats that, â€Å"identity formation is based on overcoming conflicts that individuals encounter during adolescent and early childhood.†(Karkouti, 2014, p.257) He believed that all people must endure

Sunday, December 15, 2019

The Da Vinci Code Chapter 100-101 Free Essays

CHAPTER 100 Bishop Manuel Aringarosa’s body had endured many kinds of pain, and yet the searing heat of the bullet wound in his chest felt profoundly foreign to him. Deep and grave. Not a wound of the flesh†¦ but closer to the soul. We will write a custom essay sample on The Da Vinci Code Chapter 100-101 or any similar topic only for you Order Now He opened his eyes, trying to see, but the rain on his face blurred his vision. Where am I? He could feel powerful arms holding him, carrying his limp body like a rag doll, his black cassock flapping. Lifting a weary arm, he mopped his eyes and saw the man holding him was Silas. The great albino was struggling down a misty sidewalk, shouting for a hospital, his voice a heartrending wail of agony. His red eyes were focused dead ahead, tears streaming down his pale, blood-spattered face. â€Å"My son,† Aringarosa whispered,† you’re hurt.† Silas glanced down, his visage contorted in anguish. â€Å"I am so very sorry, Father.† He seemed almost too pained to speak. â€Å"No, Silas,† Aringarosa replied. â€Å"It is I who am sorry. This is my fault.† The Teacher promised me there would be no killing, and I told you to obey him fully. â€Å"I was too eager. Too fearful. You and I were deceived.† The Teacher was never going to deliver us the Holy Grail. Cradled in the arms of the man he had taken in all those years ago, Bishop Aringarosa felt himself reel back in time. To Spain. To his modest beginnings, building a small Catholic church in Oviedo with Silas. And later, to New York City, where he had proclaimed the glory of God with the towering Opus Dei Center on Lexington Avenue. Five months ago, Aringarosa had received devastating news. His life’s work was in jeopardy. He recalled, with vivid detail, the meeting inside Castel Gandolfo that had changed his life†¦ the news that had set this entire calamity into motion. Aringarosa had entered Gandolfo’s Astronomy Library with his head held high, fully expecting to be lauded by throngs of welcoming hands, all eager to pat him on the back for his superior work representing Catholicism in America. But only three people were present. The Vatican secretariat. Obese. Dour. Two high-ranking Italian cardinals. Sanctimonious. Smug. â€Å"Secretariat?† Aringarosa said, puzzled. The rotund overseer of legal affairs shook Aringarosa’s hand and motioned to the chair opposite him. â€Å"Please, make yourself comfortable.† Aringarosa sat, sensing something was wrong. â€Å"I am not skilled in small talk, Bishop,† the secretariat said,† so let me be direct about the reason for your visit.† â€Å"Please. Speak openly.† Aringarosa glanced at the two cardinals, who seemed to be measuring him with self-righteous anticipation. â€Å"As you are well aware,† the secretariat said,† His Holiness and others in Rome have been concerned lately with the political fallout from Opus Dei’s more controversial practices.† Aringarosa felt himself bristle instantly. He already had been through this on numerous occasions with the new pontiff, who, to Aringarosa’s great dismay, had turned out to be a distressingly fervent voice for liberal change in the Church. â€Å"I want to assure you,† the secretariat added quickly,† that His Holiness does not seek to change anything about the way you run your ministry.† I should hope not!† Then why am I here?† The enormous man sighed. â€Å"Bishop, I am not sure how to say this delicately, so I will state it directly. Two days ago, the Secretariat Council voted unanimously to revoke the Vatican’s sanction of Opus Dei.† Aringarosa was certain he had heard incorrectly. â€Å"I beg your pardon?† â€Å"Plainly stated, six months from today, Opus Dei will no longer be considered a prelature of the Vatican. You will be a church unto yourself. The Holy See will be disassociating itself from you. His Holiness agrees and we are already drawing up the legal papers.† â€Å"But†¦ that is impossible!† â€Å"On the contrary, it is quite possible. And necessary. His Holiness has become uneasy with your aggressive recruiting policies and your practices of corporal mortification.† He paused. â€Å"Also your policies regarding women. Quite frankly, Opus Dei has become a liability and an embarrassment.† Bishop Aringarosa was stupefied. â€Å"An embarrassment?† â€Å"Certainly you cannot be surprised it has come to this.† â€Å"Opus Dei is the only Catholic organization whose numbers are growing! We now have over eleven hundred priests!† â€Å"True. A troubling issue for us all.† Aringarosa shot to his feet. â€Å"Ask His Holiness if Opus Dei was an embarrassment in 1982 when we helped the Vatican Bank!† â€Å"The Vatican will always be grateful for that,† the secretariat said, his tone appeasing,† and yet there are those who still believe your financial munificence in 1982 is the only reason you were granted prelature status in the first place.† â€Å"That is not true!† The insinuation offended Aringarosa deeply. â€Å"Whatever the case, we plan to act in good faith. We are drawing up severance terms that will include a reimbursement of those monies. It will be paid in five installments.† â€Å"You are buying me off?† Aringarosa demanded. â€Å"Paying me to go quietly? When Opus Dei is the only remaining voice of reason!† One of the cardinals glanced up. â€Å"I’m sorry, did you say reason?† Aringarosa leaned across the table, sharpening his tone to a point. â€Å"Do you really wonder why Catholics are leaving the Church? Look around you, Cardinal. People have lost respect. The rigors of faith are gone. The doctrine has become a buffet line. Abstinence, confession, communion, baptism, mass – take your pick – choose whatever combination pleases you and ignore the rest. What kind of spiritual guidance is the Church offering?† â€Å"Third-century laws,† the second cardinal said,† cannot be applied to the modern followers of Christ. The rules are not workable in today’s society.† â€Å"Well, they seem to be working for Opus Dei!† â€Å"Bishop Aringarosa,† the secretariat said, his voice conclusive. â€Å"Out of respect for your organization’s relationship with the previous Pope, His Holiness will be giving Opus Dei six months to voluntarily break away from the Vatican. I suggest you cite your differences of opinion with the Holy See and establish yourself as your own Christian organization.† â€Å"I refuse!† Aringarosa declared. â€Å"And I’ll tell him that in person!† â€Å"I’m afraid His Holiness no longer cares to meet with you.† Aringarosa stood up. â€Å"He would not dare abolish a personal prelature established by a previous Pope!† â€Å"I’m sorry.† The secretariat’s eyes did not flinch. â€Å"The Lord giveth and the Lord taketh away.† Aringarosa had staggered from that meeting in bewilderment and panic. Returning to New York, he stared out at the skyline in disillusionment for days, overwhelmed with sadness for the future of Christianity. It was several weeks later that he received the phone call that changed all that. The caller sounded French and identified himself as the Teacher – a title common in the prelature. He said he knew of the Vatican’s plans to pull support from Opus Dei. How could he know that? Aringarosa wondered. He had hoped only a handful of Vatican power brokers knew of Opus Dei’s impending annulment. Apparently the word was out. When it came to containing gossip, no walls in the world were as porous as those surrounding Vatican City. â€Å"I have ears everywhere, Bishop,† the Teacher whispered,† and with these ears I have gained certain knowledge. With your help, I can uncover the hiding place of a sacred relic that will bring you enormous power†¦ enough power to make the Vatican bow before you. Enough power to save the Faith.† He paused. â€Å"Not just for Opus Dei. But for all of us.† The Lord taketh away†¦and the Lord giveth.Aringarosa felt a glorious ray of hope. â€Å"Tell me your plan.† Bishop Aringarosa was unconscious when the doors of St. Mary’s Hospital hissed open. Silas lurched into the entryway delirious with exhaustion. Dropping to his knees on the tile floor, he cried out for help. Everyone in the reception area gaped in wonderment at the half-naked albino offering forth a bleeding clergyman. The doctor who helped Silas heave the delirious bishop onto a gurney looked gloomy as he felt Aringarosa’s pulse. â€Å"He’s lost a lot of blood. I am not hopeful.† Aringarosa’s eyes flickered, and he returned for a moment, his gaze locating Silas. â€Å"My child†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Silas’s soul thundered with remorse and rage. â€Å"Father, if it takes my lifetime, I will find the one who deceived us, and I will kill him.† Aringarosa shook his head, looking sad as they prepared to wheel him away. â€Å"Silas†¦ if you have learned nothing from me, please†¦ learn this.† He took Silas’s hand and gave it a firm squeeze. â€Å"Forgiveness is God’s greatest gift.† â€Å"But Father†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Aringarosa closed his eyes. â€Å"Silas, you must pray.† CHAPTER 101 Robert Langdon stood beneath the lofty cupola of the deserted Chapter House and stared into the barrel of Leigh Teabing’s gun. Robert, are you with me, or against me? The Royal Historian’s words echoed in the silence of Langdon’s mind. There was no viable response, Langdon knew. Answer yes, and he would be selling out Sophie. Answer no, and Teabing would have no choice but to kill them both. Langdon’s years in the classroom had not imbued him with any skills relevant to handling confrontations at gunpoint, but the classroom had taught him something about answering paradoxical questions. When a question has no correct answer, there is only one honest response. The gray area between yes and no. Silence. Staring at the cryptex in his hands, Langdon chose simply to walk away. Without ever lifting his eyes, he stepped backward, out into the room’s vast empty spaces. Neutral ground.He hoped his focus on the cryptex signaled Teabing that collaboration might be an option, and that his silence signaled Sophie he had not abandoned her. All the while buying time to think. The act of thinking, Langdon suspected, was exactly what Teabing wanted him to do. That’s whyhe handed me the cryptex.So I could feel the weight of my decision.The British historian hoped the touch of the Grand Master’s cryptex would make Langdon fully grasp the magnitude of its contents, coaxing his academic curiosity to overwhelm all else, forcing him to realize that failure to unlock the keystone would mean the loss of history itself. With Sophie at gunpoint across the room, Langdon feared that discovering the cryptex’s elusive password would be his only remaining hope of bartering her release. If I can free the map, Teabingwill negotiate.Forcing his mind to this critical task, Langdon moved slowly toward the far windows†¦ allowing his mind to fill with the numerous astronomical images on Newton’s tomb. You seek the orb that ought be on his tomb. It speaks of Rosy flesh and seeded womb. Turning his back to the others, he walked toward the towering windows, searching for any inspiration in their stained-glass mosaics. There was none. Place yourself in Sauniere’s mind, he urged, gazing outward now into College Garden. What wouldhe believe is the orb that ought be on Newton’s tomb? Images of stars, comets, and planets twinkled in the falling rain, but Langdon ignored them. Sauniere was not a man of science. He was a man of humanity, of art, of history. The sacred feminine†¦the chalice†¦the Rose†¦the banishedMary Magdalene†¦the decline of the goddess†¦the Holy Grail. Legend had always portrayed the Grail as a cruel mistress, dancing in the shadows just out of sight, whispering in your ear, luring you one more step and then evaporating into the mist. Gazing out at the rustling trees of College Garden, Langdon sensed her playful presence. The signs were everywhere. Like a taunting silhouette emerging from the fog, the branches of Britain’s oldest apple tree burgeoned with five-petaled blossoms, all glistening like Venus. The goddess was in the garden now. She was dancing in the rain, singing songs of the ages, peeking out from behind the bud-filled branches as if to remind Langdon that the fruit of knowledge was growing just beyond his reach. Across the room, Sir Leigh Teabing watched with confidence as Langdon gazed out the window as if under a spell. Exactly as I hoped, Teabing thought. He will come around. For some time now, Teabing had suspected Langdon might hold the key to the Grail. It was no coincidence that Teabing launched his plan into action on the same night Langdon was scheduled to meet Jacques Sauniere. Listening in on the curator, Teabing was certain the man’s eagerness to meet privately with Langdon could mean only one thing. Langdon’s mysterious manuscript has touched a nerve with the Priory. Langdon has stumbled onto a truth, and Sauniere fears its release.Teabing felt certain the Grand Master was summoning Langdon to silence him. The Truth has been silenced long enough! Teabing knew he had to act quickly. Silas’s attack would accomplish two goals. It would prevent Sauniere from persuading Langdon to keep quiet, and it would ensure that once the keystone was in Teabing’s hands, Langdon would be in Paris for recruitment should Teabing need him. Arranging the fatal meeting between Sauniere and Silas had been almost too easy. I had inside information about Sauniere’s deepest fears.Yesterday afternoon, Silas had phoned the curator and posed as a distraught priest. â€Å"Monsieur Sauniere, forgive me, I must speak to you at once. I should never breach the sanctity of the confessional, but in this case, I feel I must. I just took confession from a man who claimed to have murdered members of your family.† Sauniere’s response was startled but wary. â€Å"My family died in an accident. The police report was conclusive.† â€Å"Yes, a car accident,† Silas said, baiting the hook. â€Å"The man I spoke to said he forced their car off the road into a river.† Sauniere fell silent.† Monsieur Sauniere, I would never have phoned you directly except this man made a comment which makes me now fear for your safety.† He paused. â€Å"The man also mentioned your granddaughter, Sophie.† The mention of Sophie’s name had been the catalyst. The curator leapt into action. He ordered Silasto come see him immediately in the safest location Sauniere knew – his Louvre office. Then he phoned Sophie to warn her she might be in danger. Drinks with Robert Langdon were instantly abandoned. Now, with Langdon separated from Sophie on the far side of the room, Teabing sensed he had successfully alienated the two companions from one another. Sophie Neveu remained defiant, but Langdon clearly saw the larger picture. He was trying to figure out the password. He understands the importance of finding the Grail and releasing her from bondage. â€Å"He won’t open it for you,† Sophie said coldly. â€Å"Even if he can.† Teabing was glancing at Langdon as he held the gun on Sophie. He was fairly certain now he was going to have to use the weapon. Although the idea troubled him, he knew he would not hesitate if it came to that. I have given her every opportunity to do the right thing.The Grail is bigger than any one of us. At that moment, Langdon turned from the window. â€Å"The tomb†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he said suddenly, facing them with a faint glimmer of hope in his eyes. â€Å"I know where to look on Newton’s tomb. Yes, I think I can find the password!† Teabing’s heart soared. â€Å"Where, Robert? Tell me!† Sophie sounded horrified. â€Å"Robert, no! You’re not going to help him, are you?† Langdon approached with a resolute stride, holding the cryptex before him. â€Å"No,† he said, his eyes hardening as he turned to Leigh. â€Å"Not until he lets you go.† Teabing’s optimism darkened. â€Å"We are so close, Robert. Don’t you dare start playing games with me!† â€Å"No games,† Langdon said. â€Å"Let her go. Then I’ll take you to Newton’s tomb. We’ll open the cryptex together.† â€Å"I’m not going anywhere,† Sophie declared, her eyes narrowing with rage. â€Å"That cryptex was given to me by my grandfather. It is not yours to open.† Langdon wheeled, looking fearful. â€Å"Sophie, please! You’re in danger. I’m trying to help you!† â€Å"How? By unveiling the secret my grandfather died trying to protect? He trusted you, Robert. Itrusted you!† Langdon’s blue eyes showed panic now, and Teabing could not help but smile to see the two of them working against one another. Langdon’s attempts to be gallant were more pathetic than anything. On the verge of unveiling one of history’s greatest secrets, and he troubles himself with a woman who has proven herself unworthy of the quest. â€Å"Sophie,† Langdon pleaded. â€Å"Please†¦ you must leave.† She shook her head. â€Å"Not unless you either hand me the cryptex or smash it on the floor.† â€Å"What?† Langdon gasped.† Robert, my grandfather would prefer his secret lost forever than see it in the hands of his murderer.† Sophie’s eyes looked as if they would well with tears, but they did not. She stared directly back at Teabing. â€Å"Shoot me if you have to. I am not leaving my grandfather’s legacy in your hands.† Very well.Teabing aimed the weapon. â€Å"No!† Langdon shouted, raising his arm and suspending the cryptex precariously over the hard stone floor. â€Å"Leigh, if you even think about it, I will drop this.† Teabing laughed. â€Å"That bluff worked on Remy. Not on me. I know you better than that.† â€Å"Do you, Leigh?† Yes I do. Your poker face needs work, my friend. It took me several seconds, but I can see now that you are lying. You have no idea where on Newton’s tomb the answer lies. â€Å"Truly, Robert? You know where on the tomb to look?† â€Å"I do.† The falter in Langdon’s eyes was fleeting but Leigh caught it. There was a lie there. A desperate, pathetic ploy to save Sophie. Teabing felt a profound disappointment in Robert Langdon. I am a lone knight, surrounded by unworthy souls. And I will have to decipher the keystone on my own. Langdon and Neveu were nothing but a threat to Teabing now†¦ and to the Grail. As painful as the solution was going to be, he knew he could carry it out with a clean conscience. The only challenge would be to persuade Langdon to set down the keystone so Teabing could safely end this charade. â€Å"A show of faith,† Teabing said, lowering the gun from Sophie. â€Å"Set down the keystone, and we’ll talk.† Langdon knew his lie had failed. He could see the dark resolve in Teabing’s face and knew the moment was upon them. When I setthis down, he will kill us both.Even without looking at Sophie, he could hear her heart beseeching him in silent desperation. Robert, this man is not worthy of the Grail.Please do not place it in his hands.No matter what the cost. Langdon had already made his decision several minutes ago, while standing alone at the window overlooking College Garden. Protect Sophie. Protect the Grail. Langdon had almost shouted out in desperation. But I cannot see how! The stark moments of disillusionment had brought with them a clarity unlike any he had ever felt. The Truth is right before your eyes, Robert.He knew not from where the epiphany came. The Grailis not mocking you, she is calling out to a worthy soul. Now, bowing down like a subject several yards in front of Leigh Teabing, Langdon lowered the cryptex to within inches of the stone floor. â€Å"Yes, Robert,† Teabing whispered, aiming the gun at him. â€Å"Set it down.† Langdon’s eyes moved heavenward, up into the gaping void of the Chapter House cupola. Crouching lower, Langdon lowered his gaze to Teabing’s gun, aimed directly at him. â€Å"I’m sorry, Leigh.† In one fluid motion, Langdon leapt up, swinging his arm skyward, launching the cryptex straight up toward the dome above. Leigh Teabing did not feel his finger pull the trigger, but the Medusa discharged with a thundering crash. Langdon’s crouched form was now vertical, almost airborne, and the bullet exploded in the floor near Langdon’s feet. Half of Teabing’s brain attempted to adjust his aim and fire again in rage, but the more powerful half dragged his eyes upward into the cupola. The keystone! Time seemed to freeze, morphing into a slow-motion dream as Teabing’s entire world became the airborne keystone. He watched it rise to the apex of its climb†¦ hovering for a moment in the void†¦ and then tumbling downward, end over end, back toward the stone floor. All of Teabing’s hopes and dreams were plummeting toward earth. It cannot strike the floor! I can reach it! Teabing’s body reacted on instinct. He released the gun and heaved himself forward, dropping his crutches as he reached out with his soft, manicured hands. Stretching his arms and fingers, he snatched the keystone from midair. Falling forward with the keystone victoriously clutched in his hand, Teabing knew he was falling too fast. With nothing to break his fall, his outstretched arms hit first, and the cryptex collided hard with the floor. There was a sickening crunch of glass within. For a full second, Teabing did not breathe. Lying there outstretched on the cold floor, staring the length of his outstretched arms at the marble cylinder in his bare palms, he implored the glass vial inside to hold. Then the acrid tang of vinegar cut the air, and Teabing felt the cool liquid flowing out through the dials onto his palm. Wild panic gripped him. NO! The vinegar was streaming now, and Teabing pictured the papyrus dissolving within. Robert, you fool! The secret is lost! Teabing felt himself sobbing uncontrollably. The Grail is gone.Everything destroyed.Shuddering in disbelief over Langdon’s actions, Teabing tried to force the cylinder apart, longing to catch a fleeting glimpse of history before it dissolved forever. To his shock, as he pulled the ends of the keystone, the cylinder separated. He gasped and peered inside. It was empty except for shards of wet glass. No dissolving papyrus. Teabing rolled over and looked up at Langdon. Sophie stood beside him, aiming the gun down at Teabing. Bewildered, Teabing looked back at the keystone and saw it. The dials were no longer at random. They spelled a five-letter word: APPLE. â€Å"The orb from which Eve partook,† Langdon said coolly,† incurring the Holy wrath of God. Original sin. The symbol of the fall of the sacred feminine.† Teabing felt the truth come crashing down on him in excruciating austerity. The orb that ought be on Newton’s tomb could be none other than the Rosy apple that fell from heaven, struck Newton on the head, and inspired his life’s work. His labor’s fruit! The Rosy flesh with a seeded womb! â€Å"Robert,† Teabing stammered, overwhelmed. â€Å"You opened it. Where†¦ is the map?† Without blinking, Langdon reached into the breast pocket of his tweed coat and carefully extracted a delicate rolled papyrus. Only a few yards from where Teabing lay, Langdon unrolled the scroll and looked at it. After a long moment, a knowing smile crossed Langdon’s face. He knows! Teabing’s heart craved that knowledge. His life’s dream was right in front of him. â€Å"Tell me!† Teabing demanded. â€Å"Please! Oh God, please! It’s not too late!† As the sound of heavy footsteps thundered down the hall toward the Chapter House, Langdon quietly rolled the papyrus and slipped it back in his pocket. â€Å"No!† Teabing cried out, trying in vain to stand. When the doors burst open, Bezu Fache entered like a bull into a ring, his feral eyes scanning, finding his target – Leigh Teabing – helpless on the floor. Exhaling in relief, Fache holstered his Manurhin sidearm and turned to Sophie. â€Å"Agent Neveu, I am relieved you and Mr. Langdon are safe. You should have come in when I asked.† The British police entered on Fache’s heels, seizing the anguished prisoner and placing him in handcuffs. Sophie seemed stunned to see Fache. â€Å"How did you find us?† Fache pointed to Teabing. â€Å"He made the mistake of showing his ID when he entered the abbey. The guards heard a police broadcast about our search for him.† â€Å"It’s in Langdon’s pocket!† Teabing was screaming like a madman. â€Å"The map to the Holy Grail!† As they hoisted Teabing and carried him out, he threw back his head and howled. â€Å"Robert! Tell me where it’s hidden!† As Teabing passed, Langdon looked him in the eye. â€Å"Only the worthy find the Grail, Leigh. You taught me that.† How to cite The Da Vinci Code Chapter 100-101, Essay examples

Friday, December 6, 2019

Mythology And Humanity Essay Example For Students

Mythology And Humanity Essay History reminds us we do not exist in a vacuum but are beings part of a larger whole dependent on shared wisdoms and beliefs. Countless aeons of story telling traditions and evolving mythologies speak to the very heart of our humanity. These shared stories, rituals and wisdoms have fallen by the wayside leaving our children with a sense of profound isolation and detachment. By ignoring the richness of symbolic language and lore, we offer our children a barren wasteland of artifice and transparent tales, spoon-fed ideas and empty thoughts. Gone is the world of exploration, replaced instead by the quick fixes of sit coms, movies, video games and on-line chat rooms. Poetic language and the art of communication is lost to vulgarity and coarseness. Heroic stories of wonder and enchantment gather dust while spandex clad wrestlers in the ring of artifice and glitz become the Titans of our childrens fantasy lives. Although we can make room for the pleasures of simple entertainment, we cannot use it as the sustenance for our childrens imaginations. Why do some of us expect so little of our children and offer them so little in return? Why have we forgotten to give them credit for being complex and capable human beings? Mythology Essays .

Friday, November 29, 2019

Bismans Social Work Values The Moral core of Profession

Hypothesis In these modern days, acquired knowledge for professional purposes has replaced the core values and mission of social work in industrialized countries. The belief that the society has a moral obligation to cater for social needs of poor people has reduced considerably.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Bisman’s Social Work Values: The Moral core of Profession specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Goal To establish the reasons behind shifting priorities from social objectives to professional social work Recommendations As a result of professionalizing social work, there should be a will to improve conditions of poor people in the society. The need to eradicate extreme poverty should not be individualized or regarded as philanthropic. Instead, it should be regarded as a need to undertake social reforms. The reforms must involve people in all classes of society. There is need for social workers to spend m ore time in analyzing moral ambiguities. Social benefits should be evenly distributed in the society while skills and knowledge are improved through scientific means. In her article, Bisman says â€Å"if we wish to improve the conditions of the poor we must adopt scientific measures† (Bisman, 2004, p. 113). This will solve some of the social problems. Clear objectives ought to be developed to guide professionals of social sciences in maintaining basic moral values. It can be done by both individual and collective moral responsibilities and basic values. Other professionals in law and philosophy should be involved in building moral base. Consequences Consequences may include men and women losing their human dignity. Professionalizing social work increases the need for expertise and applied formal knowledge for social interests. It may also lead to loss of moral values through development of skills and knowledge without considering the resulting moral degradation. â€Å"Those who are financially able may buy their way out of collective responsibility, paying less into the pool of public funds yet benefiting more from public services† (Bisman, 2004, p. 117). This may lead to social unrest.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Bisman’s Social Work Values: The Moral core of Profession was written and submitted by user Julissa C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Monday, November 25, 2019

To play fairly means that we must always abide by the rules of the game, as written in the rule book Essays

To play fairly means that we must always abide by the rules of the game, as written in the rule book Essays To play fairly means that we must always abide by the rules of the game, as written in the rule book Essay To play fairly means that we must always abide by the rules of the game, as written in the rule book Essay Fair play is, the adherence to criteria of fairness implied by the idea of mutual quest for excellence'(Keating, J., Sportsmanship as a Moral Category, Ethics, Vol.75 (1964), pg 25-35 This report is intended to critically discuss the title statement, with the objective being to persuade the reader that a competitive game can be played fairly even when the rules are not strictly abided by. The following report will contain sufficient academic referencing to underpin the arguments, which have been clearly stated. Athletes, in modern times, are professionals, Paid for ones skill'(English dictionary, geddes et al, 1998, pg 170). This means like any other job they are paid to complete a task, in football it is to score more goals, cricket the aim is to score more runs and rugby a higher points score is the objective. In modern times sport has moved away from the inherited value that its not winning or losing but how you played the game because in a professional environment this is clearly a total fallacy. Using the same standards it could be argued that one may say of a surgeon it matters not whether the patient lives or dies but only how he makes the cut (Forest Evashevski, Sports Illustrated, 1957, pg 119) The rules, which aim to standardise games, are often open to interpretation, for instance in cricket the umpire must decide in a matter of seconds weather a ball, travelling at 100 miles per hour is definitely going to hit the stumps, dependant upon where the ball pitches, deviation and distance from the stumps, this rule is often not adhered to correctly and the incorrect decision is given frequently. These decisions can determine whether a team who are clearly superior to the opposition, may lose the game. It would not be appropriate to class the winning team a team that played unfairly to win, because the result was due to poor umpire decisions. It would also be totally unprofessional for a batsman to walk from the crease, if he had hit the ball and been caught out by the wicket keeper. The player is entitled to wait for the umpires decision and invariably it is a very tough decision, as the deviation of the ball from the bat is minimal. This has been illustrated recently in the Ashes test series between Australia and England, when Michael Vaughan didnt walk when Justin Langer caught him out. During an average F.A Premier league football match the referee will make numerous incorrect decisions, for example deliberate and accidental handball. Is the team, who have been awarded a penalty acting unfairly by accepting the penalty awarded, even if they agree that the handball was accidental. A competitive game is governed by sets of rules which cannot be broken, i.e if the whole ball crosses the goal line into the net a goal is awarded. This is a rule which is hard to referee, human error is part of the game yet not stated in the rule book. If a team were to score a legitimate goal which the referee rules out, later for video replays showing the ball clearly crossing the line, is the winning team instructed to replay the match because of an unfair advantage. Any situation which is officiated by humans will incur non consistent ruling, as a result of human error. Players will always take advantage of this, as ween in the quarter finals of the world cup. Diego Maradona scored the winning goal, but replays show that the ball was deliberately handled in projecting it over the England goalkeeper. Argentina went on to win the World Cup and will be remembered as the champions of 86. The only nation to remember the incident is England. Ole gunner Solskjear(Manchester United) was chasing Robert lee (Newcastle United) in the last minute of a game, which Manchester united were leading by a single goal. Realising that he wasnt going to get the ball fairly solskjear committed a deliberate foul. Newcastle were awarded a free kick and solskjear was sent off. In breaking the rules Manchester United won the game. Yet in the same game many other fouls were committed by both teams so the same rule had been broken a number of times, upholding the theory that if everyone is breaking the rules then the game is fair, winning is the sole purpose of a football match. To suggest that breaking rules is unfair cannot be argued convincingly as sometimes rules are not broken and still a team is deemed to have not have acted in a fair manner, Sheffield United Vs Arsenal F.A Cup. In this instance the ball was played over the touchline for an Arsenal player to receive treatment. The unspoken rule states that player throws the ball back to the opposition sporting behaviour. Arsenal disregarded this and from the resulting throw Arsenal scored. Even though no rule was broken Arsenal were still seen to be acting unfairly, therefore fairness cannot solely be associated with rules. Australia have the best facilities for coaching cricketers, the cricket is well funded at junior level and the coaching aids are more advanced than most other cricketing countries, this together with a favourable climate coalesce to ensure the Australians are superior to any other cricketing nation. It could be argued that this gives them an unfair advantage over other cricketing nations who are less affluent and therefore unable to supply the same level of facilities. It would be unfeasible to ever suggest that a game was perfectly fair between two teams in a competitive situation. This suggests that games begin unfairly so why should rules not be broken to even the contest. In 1978 F.I.F.A, the international football governing body, introduced an award known as the Fair Play award. This was intended to encourage teams to play the game in a manner, which displays respect, sportsmanship and adherence to rules. In the seven tournaments which have occurred since, only twice has the fair play award been won by the winning team. This statistic supports the old adage that nice guys finish last. The world cup is a tournament played by professional sportsmen, whose aim is to win the tournament. The question a coach must ask before the tournament begins is one of priority. Which award brings a nation more respect, winning the world cup or achieving second place but winning the F.I.F.A Fair Play Award?. The question is rhetorical. The theory can be supported by asking anyone who won the fair play award at the previous world cup chances are the answer will be dont know. In contrast asking the question Which nation are the current World Champions? most people are likely to answer Brazil. Therefore it is tolerated that the best teams dont always abide by the rules. Conclusion The fundamental motive, which drives professional athletes to participate in activities, which are outside the laws of the game, is money, the second most influential aspect associated with foul play is that high level competitive sport is very competitive and the standard is much higher, this drives athletes to discover ways in which they can gain an advantage.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Developing an interactive timeline Literature review

Developing an interactive timeline - Literature review Example Arthur Conan Doyle collection that would help in attracting more visitors towards their website thereby increase the profitability of the origination. The youth and adults of the present generations prefer to remain away from books and academic materials as involving in various social networking activities has become common among them (Palla & et. al., 2013).   It serves difficult to attract these sections of the people towards reading books for which it has become essential for such organizations to implement an effective interactive timeline in their website that would help in attracting them and therefore spent much time in their websites. Interactive media in the timeline may be in the form of attractive texts, graphics, video, animation or even audio that would attract the people to visit that particular website and spent more time in them (Grigoreanu & et. al., 2009). It is a common trend among all people that they always prefer something that is entertaining and attractive i n nature, rather than the static contents in the website that creates a dull interface. According to Liu & et. al. (2002), it is inherently necessary for the organizations and website designers to develop an interactive timeline that would allow the people of every generation irrespective of their ages to access the particular website without any difficulty. There are various people with deformities such as color blindness and old people for whom the letters and font size should be kept clear and large.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Separation of Church and State Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Separation of Church and State - Essay Example This strategy is applied by those who are as eager to separate church and state, as those who seek to integrate them more tightly. One of the other primary issues that is raised in this debate is the rather practical one as to whether or not church and state are really separated at all. It is suggested that the notions of political liberalism, democracy, and the founding principles of modern states are based implicitly on moral codes and mores derived from religious institutions. Thus, religion and government are not inseparable a priori. The second type of argument given in this vein offers that the increase in the number and percentage of religious practices which exist here in the United States, mandates a level of management if not expressly establishment from Federal, State and local governments. The number of individuals who claim a religious affiliation that is neither Christian, Jewish, nor non-affiliated has risen from 7% to 20% in the past 30 years (Walker 1). While it migh t be the case that such diversity is to be lauded, the legal intricacies that must be navigated to ensure that these various religious practices have the "free exercise" guaranteed to them by the Constitution while simultaneously maintaining supposed "neutrality" on the relative merits of any individual religion (or non-religion for that matter) has become fraught with inconsistencies and difficulties. In this paper I will briefly highlight and discuss some of these difficulties, ideological and practical, philosophical and historical, that have made this issue such an integral part of the national debate for decades. Thomas Jefferson, a founding father and author of the Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom, was indeed so partial to this document, that the drafting of this document along with his drafting of the Declaration of Independence and the founding of the University of Virginia, were the only three accomplishments he wished to have listed on his epitaph (Owen 496). The document itself is divided into three sections; the first section lays out the incoherence and troubles that compulsory adherence, or support of a religion would create. While Jefferson and other founding fathers were perhaps committed to disestablishment and free exercise, very few of them were "neutral" on the topic of religion altogether. Even from the text of this legal statute, religiosity, if not explicitly religion is evident in the nature and language of the text as can be seen from the beginning of the statute: "Whereas Almighty God hath created the mind free; that all attempts to influence it by temporal puni shments or burthens [sic], or by civil incapacitations, tend only to beget habits of hypocrisy and meanness, and are a departure from the plan of the Holy author of our religion" (Nancy 13). Thomas Jefferson was undeniably "a believer," with all of the connotations and implications that that phrase implies. Thus, when we consider what modern or contemporary concepts are part and parcel of the phrase "separation of church and state" our language today differs in a much more secular direction than Jefferson's "wall" might initially have entailed. Another formative document that reveals the early history and potential mindset of some of the founding framers' view of Church and its role in the state derive from an early Treaty signed

Monday, November 18, 2019

Climate Change in the Context of Kuehne + Nagel Inc Coursework

Climate Change in the Context of Kuehne + Nagel Inc - Coursework Example From this paper it is clear that the trends in climatic changes are worsening with the increase in the occurrence of the unpredictable extreme events. Hence, the activities of Kuehne + Nagel Inc. are extremely affected by the negative change. Alongside, the adverse impacts trails of opportunities exist to market the firm due to its stability, and this increases the client bases. With the practical implementation of the recommendations, Kuehne + Nagel Inc. will overcome the inevitable catastrophes presented by the weather condition.   Ã‚  This essay discusses that  the current climate trends depict a long-term increasing inclination of the average temperature of the air. Precipitation is also in a dynamic pattern. However, it varies in a complicated manner. Climatologists predict that the trends will significantly pick up the pace in the future. A severely damaging concern caused by an elevation of temperature rates is the continually rising levels of the sea. From the year 1860, the level has increased by 0.2 meters as affirmed by satellite information. Scientists project that the temperature at the end of the 21st-century ranges between 1.0 to 3.7 degrees Celsius.  Additionally, the alteration in the conditions of climate may result in changes in duration, intensity, frequency, timing and spatial coverage of climate and weather extremes. These in turn can modify future climatic situations.

Saturday, November 16, 2019

E Commerce And The Importance Of Encryption Computer Science Essay

E Commerce And The Importance Of Encryption Computer Science Essay Web-commerce has grown into one of the fastest-growing area of industry in the past two years. Billions of dollars have passed hands in the process and each entrepreneur wants a slice of the dough. To make this possible, data encryption plays a very central role in ensuring customers that paying for anything online is secure. E-commerce relies on encryption to secure data transmission by controlling data access and protect information on the internet and in the end improve consumer confidence. Encryption is the encoding of data using an algorithm such that it is incomprehensible to anyone in the event that the data transmission is intercepted, unless the key is known to enable file decryption. By implementing encryption, integrity is maintained while digital authentication is enforced, thus, allowing both customers and sellers to verify the identity of the other party, a concept fundamental to secure online credit card transactions. The reliability of an e-commerce website may be negatively impacted if theft of customer information occurs, especially risky since 90% of all online payments are dealt by credit cards. 4. Important of Encryption Cryptography is a method of mathematically encoding used to transform messages in to an unreadable format in an effort to maintain confidentiality of data. Cryptography comprises a family of technologies that include the following: Encryption transforms data into some unreadable form to ensure privacy. Decryption is reverse of encryption; it transforms encrypted data back into original, intelligible form. Authentication identifies an entity such as an individual, a machine on the network or an organization. Digital signatures blind a document to the possessor of a particular key and are the digital equivalent of paper signatures. Signature verification is the inverse of a digital signature; it verifies that a particular signature is valid. Application In order to enable secure online transaction, data encryption plays four important functions: Digital authentication which allows both the customers and the merchant to be sure that they are dealing with whom, the other party claims to be. These is absolutely necessary before sending credit card details to the seller and also allow sellers to verify that the customer is the real owner of the credit card being used. Integrity ensures that the messages received re not changed during transmission by any third party. Non-repudiation prevents customers or merchants denying they ever received or sent a particular message or order. In the event that information is intercepted, encryption ensures privacy that prevents third parties from reading and or using the information to their own advantage. Two methods of encryption network traffic on the web are SSL and S-HTTP. Secure Socket Layer (SSL) and its successor Transport Layer security (TLS) enable client and server computers to manage encryption and decryption activities as they communicate with each other during a secure web session. Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (S-HTTP) is another protocol used for encrypting data flowing over the internet, but it is limited to individual messages, whereas SSL and TLS are designed to establish a secure connection between two computers. The capability to generate secure sessions is built into Internet client browser software and servers, and occurs automatically with little user intervention. The client and the server negotiate what key and what level of security to use. Once a secure session is established between the client and the server, all messages in that session are encrypted. There are two alternative methods of encryption: symmetric key encryption and public key encryption. In symmetric key encryption, the sender and the receiver establish a secure Internet session by creating a single encryption key and sending it to the receiver so both the sender and receiver share the same key. The strength of the encryption key is measured by its nit length. Today a typical key will be 128 bits long (a string of 128 binary digits). The problem with all symmetric encryption schemes is that the key itself must be shared somehow among the senders and receivers, which exposes the key to outsiders who might just be able to intercept and decrypt the key, A more secure form of encryption called public key encryption uses two keys: one shared (or public) and one totally private, as shown in Figure. The keys are mathematically related so that data encrypted with one key can be decrypted using only the other key. To send and receive messages, communicators first create separate pairs of private and public keys. The public key is kept in a directory and the private key must be kept secret. The sender encrypts a message with the recipientà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s public key. On receiving the message the recipient uses his or her private key to decrypt it. Digital signatures and digital certificates further help with authentication. Benefits/Advantages Most corporations implement multiple forms of security by using hardware solutions such as routers and firewalls. These devices protect essential data by keeping external threats out of the network. Unfortunately, burglars will employ numerous attacks, specifically targeted at your information. When attackers find a way to enter your first line of defense, data encryption steps up and helps to ensure that your secrets cant be viewed. Encryption has changed significantly over the years, going from a military solution to widespread public use. Whether its hardware or software-based, this method is fast, easy to use and most important, secure. Here some of the key benefits this solution offers: Power: The best in data encryption is based on global standards, able to mitigate potential corruption without flaw. Many solutions are large enough to ensure that an entire organization is in full compliance with security policies. Data encryption allows a corporation to achieve military-level security with easy and affordable solutions. Flexibility: Data encryption can protect your sensitive information whether its stored on a desktop or laptop computer, a PDA, removable storage media, an email server or even the corporate network. This allows you to securely access important data from the office, on the road or at home. If the device is lost or stolen, the information will be protected by the data encryption mechanism. Transparency: It wouldnt be a good idea to employ any security measure that negatively impacts your business. An efficient data encryption solution enables your business to flow at a normal pace, silently securing crucial data in the background. Some of the best options are those running effectively without the user even being aware. There are many benefits of data encryption as this solution provides solid protection in the event of a security breach. Not only does it offer peace of mind, it also frees up resources normally used by your perimeter defenses. Every security measure you set in place is important yet inefficient if confidential data itself is not protected. Limitations Encryption is often oversold as the solution to all security problems or to threats that it does not address. Unfortunately, encryption offers no such protection. Encryption does nothing to protect against many common methods of attack including those that exploit bad default settings or vulnerabilities in network protocols or software even encryption software. In general, methods other than encryption are needed to keep out intruders. Secure Computing Corporations Sidewinder system defuses the forty-two bombs (security vulnerabilities) in Cheswick and Bellovins book, Firewalls and Network Security (Addison Wesley, 1994), without making use of any encryption. Conclusion

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

A Clean Well-Lighted Place :: A Clean Well-Lighted Place Essays

A Clean Well-Lighted Place Today in class we talked about plot in relation to "A & P" by John Updike. I had always thought of plot as just being the sequence of events, but after our reading assignment I realize that there is much more to it. I’d never thought of looking for plot in things like patterns. My reaction to "A & P" is mixed because I disagree with the main character being a hero (as Updike intended). While reading the story I thought that the girls who came into the store were merely looking for attention. I feel this way because the girls were prancing around in their bathing suits, which was probably a big deal in 1961, and the fact that ‘Queenie’ kept her money between her breasts shows that she was obviously trying to provoke a reaction. Other than the fact that one of the girls blushed when asked to leave I don’t think they were embarrassed and I don’t think the main character was trying to be particularly heroic. I gathered from all the sexual description tha t he was only interested in the girls physically. I also think that he just hated his job at the A & P because it was boring, since he always refers to the customers as a type of farm animal, and was just looking for an excuse to quit. What better excuse to quit than one that might make him look good to some cute girls? He would be through with his boring job and might score a date. We also talked about point of new in relation to "Why I Live at the P.O." by Eudora Welty today. I’ve never read anything where I really didn’t trust the narrator like in this story. I though the story was confusing because I could never figure out who was telling the truth. Sister seemed to have a very slanted view on things and thought that everyone was ‘out to get her’. Since the story was told from her (an unreliable narrator) point of view it gave me a feeling of turmoil like I have when I experience an argument in my own home. In that way Welty achieved her goal of making the reader feel involved in the story. I guess that Welty explained why Sister lives at the P.O., but I don’t understand why she thought anyone would care. A Clean Well-Lighted Place :: A Clean Well-Lighted Place Essays A Clean Well-Lighted Place Today in class we talked about plot in relation to "A & P" by John Updike. I had always thought of plot as just being the sequence of events, but after our reading assignment I realize that there is much more to it. I’d never thought of looking for plot in things like patterns. My reaction to "A & P" is mixed because I disagree with the main character being a hero (as Updike intended). While reading the story I thought that the girls who came into the store were merely looking for attention. I feel this way because the girls were prancing around in their bathing suits, which was probably a big deal in 1961, and the fact that ‘Queenie’ kept her money between her breasts shows that she was obviously trying to provoke a reaction. Other than the fact that one of the girls blushed when asked to leave I don’t think they were embarrassed and I don’t think the main character was trying to be particularly heroic. I gathered from all the sexual description tha t he was only interested in the girls physically. I also think that he just hated his job at the A & P because it was boring, since he always refers to the customers as a type of farm animal, and was just looking for an excuse to quit. What better excuse to quit than one that might make him look good to some cute girls? He would be through with his boring job and might score a date. We also talked about point of new in relation to "Why I Live at the P.O." by Eudora Welty today. I’ve never read anything where I really didn’t trust the narrator like in this story. I though the story was confusing because I could never figure out who was telling the truth. Sister seemed to have a very slanted view on things and thought that everyone was ‘out to get her’. Since the story was told from her (an unreliable narrator) point of view it gave me a feeling of turmoil like I have when I experience an argument in my own home. In that way Welty achieved her goal of making the reader feel involved in the story. I guess that Welty explained why Sister lives at the P.O., but I don’t understand why she thought anyone would care.

Monday, November 11, 2019

George W. Bush and Darth Vader Essay

More often than not when comparing two characters, whether one be real and the other fictional, we come up with both similarities and differences between them. Seldom however do these similarities and differences between a fictional character and a person from the real world become so glaring that such comparison consequentially provide a substantial realization. One of such seldom case is the comparison of George W. Bush and Darth Vader. This paper will venture on comparing both characters and at the end provide a realization of such comparison. The two mentioned personalities need no introduction hearing these names will immediately give us an image of them in our heads. George W. Bush is the current president of the United States. Darth Vader on the other hand is the popular character in the Star Wars movies. On first instance it may seem that a comparison between these two personalities is absurd. This paper however will show us that such comparison is not without realization. It is submitted that on rare occasions seemingly trivial things such as comparison of Bush and Vader can in fact provide us with a realization far better than any other concept we have. To outline this paper will proceed on first stressing the similarities of both characters, then proceed with its differences and eventually state the realizations made through the conclusion Their Similarities Leaders The most obvious similarity between Vader and Bush is that they are both leaders. Leaders in their own respect Bush lead a nation and Vader leads an army. More worth noting in this similarity is not only the fact that both are leaders but the fact that both have the same way of leading. Vader and Bush exercise an attitude of strength in leadership that they do not think of casualties they however have the end in mind. Like the war in Iraq started by George W. Bush he was fearless in proceeding with such war even if he knew what it would cost. His ratings of popularity went down and the economy of his nation went down with it. Whenever one comes to war inevitably lives are put on the line. Bush was not hesitant in outing young military soldier’s lives on the line in order for him to achieve his goal and win his war on Iraq. The same ideology is shared by Darth Vader. Darth Vader always has a goal or a mission to accomplish. The ruthless use of his army to achieve his directives are clearly gleaned within his personality. In this type of leading we find the similarity between George W. Bush and Darth Vader. They both seem to share the ideology that making sacrifices in order to achieve a goal is necessary. They also have utter disregard for the cost and the consequences as long as they achieve this goal this is their way of leading. This is the kind of leading we see in the Star Wars Movies by Darth Vader and the kind of leading we see in America by George W. Bush. It is therefore submitted that because they have the same kind of ideology of leadership the result of their leadership hypothetically are the same. The end of Darth Vader has already been seen this type of leadership resulted in failure. The present administration of Bush has not yet ended but the seeming similarity of leadership ideology with Darth Vader can provide us with a reasonable conclusion that the administration of Bush will end in failure. The Saga Journal as proof of Vader’s leadership provides: â€Å"George Lucas has succeeded in creating one of the greatest cautionary tales for the aspiring leader in his portrayal of Darth Vader’s devastating reign of terror. Darth Vader embodies traits that make most contemporary leadership scholars cringe. † (Cited in: Michelle Drum, The Saga Journal) Perceived as Villains Another similarity between these two personalities is that many of us perceive them as villains. Villains in their own right majority of the people see both George W. Bush and Darth Vader as villains. Darth Vader very much like George W. Bush were not always perceived as Villains. They were first considered as heroes. George W. Bush could not have been president if the people did not think of him as a hero. He won the election two times. This is only proof that before George W. Bush was perceived as a villain he was considered as a hero. The same is true for Darth Vader. Darth Vader was not immediately Darth Vader before his transition to such character. He was the young and promising Anakin Skywalker his views were moral and he had a good sense of justice. This however changed because of the circumstances as provided in the movie. This only means that sometimes the famous quote in the batman movie might be true sometimes we see ourselves a hero long enough to become the villain. This is the similar circumstance of both Bush and Vader. In one of the articles of the National News it provided the perception of Bush being a villain as it said: â€Å"According to an Associated Press-AOL News poll, President Bush is both the number one villain and the number one hero of 2006. † (cited in: Two Sided Coin for Bush: Villain and Hero By Cathy Gill) Powerful The final similarity this paper will provide from all the similarities of these two characters is their power. There is no doubt that both George W. Bush and Darth Vader are very much powerful in every sense of the word. George W. Bush being the President of the United States of America and Darth Vader being the leader of the imperial army. Vader being perceived as powerful in an article in USA Today as it said â€Å"Not only is Vader powerful, he’s sexy, says David Prowse, who appears as Vader in the first three films and has made thousands of appearances as Vader in costume. † (Cited in: Breathing Life into Vader by Mike Snider) Their Differences Their Rise to Power Though it is granted that both George Bush and Darth Vader are powerful they however differ in the manner of their rise to power. Darth Vader used pure brute force in order to be the leader of the imperial army. He had to lean to the dark side in order to achieve this goal. George Bush on the other hand rose into power through the mandate of the American people. Bush rose into power because of his will and the will of the people. Darth Vader on the other hand had to search and conquer this power by himself. This difference in their rise of power gives us an insight on how they held this power. Darth Vader could hold his power until he wished to abandon it. Bush on the other hand is bound by the limits of mandate given to him. He can only have the power of being a chief executive according to the period of time given to him. This gives us an insight on why Bush tries his best to stay in power while Vader needlessly and calmly enjoys his power. This is because Vader’s power is not bound by any limits. Vader Quick on His Feet, Bush Not so Much Darth Vader even as a youngster known to be Anakin Skywalker has always been quick on his feet. His reflexes during his time were comparable to no one. Bush on the other hand has admitted that he might not be as quick on his feet than most people. This is reflected on the way Darth Vader and President Bush makes decisions. Darth Vader is ruthless and quick on making decisions. President Bush has apparently a considerable amount of thinking time before he can make a decision. This spells a very different effect of their leadership. Darth Vader being quick on his feet can easily command his subordinates and they follow him without question. The delay on the decision making however of President Bush spells a different story because of such his subordinates may not follow him right away and might even question his decisions. Bush Democracy, Vader Dictatorship The most important difference between these two personalities however lie in the fact that Bush leads through a democratic structure while Vader in every sense of the word is a dictator. This brings us to the question which kind of structure is more effective is it the democratic structure or the dictatorship? Dictatorship brings obedience, order and an unquestionable authority. Democracy however gives freedom for every individual. It is submitted that both structures have their advantages and disadvantages. It is further submitted however that ruling a democratic structure like the task of President Bush is much more difficult than ruling in a dictatorship like Darth Vader. In an article in the LA Times President Bush advocated this democracy as the article said: â€Å"President Bush made good Thursday on his inaugural vow to push for democracy around the world. † (Cited in: Bush Democracy Vows May Take Time to Bear Fruit by: Sonni Efron) Conclusion The similarities and the differences between the two personalities having been discussed we now proceed to the realizations this paper has to offer. George Bush and Darth Vader are two very different personalities. In fact one lives in the real world while one finds existence in a fictional movie. They are both leaders, they are both powerful and they are both perceived by many as leaders. On the other hand they differ on their rise to power, quickness in decisions and the structure where they lead. The most important thing we have to realize out of this comparison is the simple fact that Darth Vader’s story has already been told while George Bush’s story is still unraveling. This only means that we can learn from what happened to Darth Vader and necessarily imbue it with the unraveling of the story of George Bush. This will give us a reasonable conclusion on how George Bush’s story will end. The relevance of knowing how George Bush’s story will end is that if we are aware of the end then we can prepare for this end that we foresee. Works Cited †¢ Michelle Drum, The Saga Journal †¢ Two Sided Coin for Bush: Villain and Hero By Cathy Gill, December 29, 2006 †¢ Breathing Life into Vader by Mike Snider, April 22, 2005 †¢ Bush Democracy Vows May Take Time to Bear Fruit by: Sonni Efron, February 25, 2005

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Examine how modern parallel computers are subject to multiple instructions with multiple data types The WritePass Journal

Examine how modern parallel computers are subject to multiple instructions with multiple data types Introduction Examine how modern parallel computers are subject to multiple instructions with multiple data types IntroductionGraphics Processing Units Conclusion BibliographyRelated Introduction Parallel computing is known to be the act of concurrently using several computational resources such as CPUs to resolve IT problems (Knowledge Base, 2010, Reschke, 2004). These problems are broken into separate entities/ instructions to be executed and solved simultaneously by multiple CPUs (Barney, 2010). Modern parallel computers are subject to multiple instructions with multiple data types. They engage in the act of decomposing the domain as a manner of dividing the workload. â€Å"Master nodes implicitly synchronize the computation and communication among processes and high level languages are used† (Karniadakis et al, 2003, p.61). However modern parallel computer architecture today is becoming increasingly complicated and users are considering a transformation of general purpose CPUs to more specialist processors of heterogeneous architectural nature (Brito Alves et al, 2009). In this piece of writing, I will put into perspective a critical engagement of graphics processing units (GPUs), which are highly efficient at the manipulation of computer graphics and are used to process significant amounts of data simultaneously. They play their roles effectively making them even more efficient than all-purpose CPUs for solving algorithmic problems. GPUs give a whole new meaning to parallel computing today, due to their dedicated functions. I will focus on this case through critical analysis, argumentation and engagement, to give a comprehensive understanding of modern parallel computing. Graphics Processing Units A Graphics Processing Unit is a multi-core processor that was introduced to the community of scientific computing on the 31st of August 1999 (Brito Alves et al, 2009; Nvidia Corporation, 2011).   The ‘processor’ is the very basic component of processing, which executes instructions that refer to the functions aimed at various devices. The grouping of processors is known as a ‘multiprocessor’ (Paolini, 2009). An individual GPU distinctly contains hundreds of these core processors giving systems the access to several cores at the same time (Brito Alves et al, 2009). Modern GPUs have revolutionised from machines which simply rendered services to immensely parallel all-purpose processors. â€Å"Recently, they exceeded 1 TeraFLOPS 7, outrunning the computational power of commodity CPUs by two orders of magnitude† (Diamantaras et al, 2010, p.83). GPUs nowadays aid concurrent ï ¬â€šoating-point computations inclusive of its shaders and programming pipelines. Therefore the functionalities of GPUs have enhanced to be more applicable than how it was before (Offerman, 2010). On a normal processor, it is the control flow which gains the position of prominence. This denotes how the algorithms process data and variables. A modern GPU on the other hand, provides a stream processing model which helps execute the traditional concurrent calculations utilized in â€Å"High Performance Computing (HPC), industrial, finance, engineering programs and in High performance technical computing (HPTC)† (Offerman, 2010,p.32-33). GPU manufacturers however had in fact failed to detect the opportunity not until the consumers began to manipulate those new capabilities. The manufacturers began to elongate their current product lines to add GPGPU (General-purpose computing on graphics processing units) solutions merely after HPC programs were used in game consoles and graphics adapters (Offerman, 2010). For instance, according to Offerman (2010), â€Å"some users deployed a stack of PlayStation 3 systems to do their parallel calculations. Today, IBM oï ¬â‚¬ers the Cell processor that is speciï ¬ cally designed for this game console as a parallel computing blade† (p.33). The processing models of GPGPUs also known as the general purpose GPUs are massively parallel, but they heavily rely on â€Å"off-chip video memory† (Halfhill, 2008, p.3) in order to run on big sets of data. Distinct threads need interacting with one another via this off-chip memory. As the frequency of memory access increase, the performance tends to get limited (Halfhill, 2008). Those who manufactured graphics processors were slow at adopting the GPGPU trends, judging by the sales made on the high end systems for HPC and HPTC (Offerman, 2010).   Offerman (2010) states, â€Å"The double precision ï ¬â€šoating-point operations have been introduced over the last years, but performance in that area is still lacking. The same goes for access to memory.† (p.34). Regardless of these disadvantages, the nVidia and the ATI presently provide a product line which is targeted at GPGPU programmes (Offerman, 2010). As for ATI the product portfolio consist of Stream products whereas for nVidia it consists of Tesla cards â€Å"based on their GeForce 8 GPUs† (Offerman, 2010, p.34) which could be unfolded by making use of the Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) which will be discussed further on in the essay. Computing on GPGPU obits around significant data structures and matrixes â€Å"where super-fast and in parallel relatively small computations are performed on the individual elements† (Offerman, 2010, p.33). This is the reason why a graphics processor has an even greater local memory compared to a traditional CPU. Therefore it makes a GPU particularly suitable for significant parallel applications today (Offerman, 2010). A GPU uses an important ‘Single Program, Multiple Data’ (SPMD) architecture for the purpose of specialising on intensely parallel calculations. A heavy amount of the data processing is done through the devotion of transistors instead of caching data (Alerstam et al, 2008). GPUs today are highly data parallel processors which are utilized to give substantially high â€Å"floating point arithmetic throughput† (Alerstam et al, 2008, p. 060504-1) for issues meant to be resolved using the SPMD model. â€Å"On a GPU, the SPMD model works by launching thousands of threads running the same program called the kernel working on different data.   The ability of the GPU to rapidly switch between threads in combination with the high number of threads ensures the hardware is busy at all times† (Alerstam et al, 2008, p. 060504-1). This capability efficiently conceals memory latency, and the performance of GPUs will also be improved by combining with multiple levels of h igh bandwidth memory, accessible in the latest GPUs (Alerstam et al, 2008). â€Å"Nvidia revolutionized the GPGPU and accelerated the computing world in 2006-2007 by introducing its new massively parallel â€Å"CUDA† architecture. The CUDA architecture consists of 100s of processor cores that operate together to crunch through the data set in the application† (Nvidia Coropration, 2011, p.1). The CUDA GPU programming framework from Nvidia enables the growth of parallel applications through the elongation of C, which is known as â€Å"C for CUDA† (Diamantaras et al, 2010). Nvidia’s CUDA is a software platform for a massive degree of high performance parallel computing on any firm’s powerful GPUs. (Halfhill, 2008) The CUDA is a model which has the ability to scale parallel programming. â€Å"The CUDA programming model has the SPMD software style, in which a programmer writes a program for one thread that is instanced and executed by many threads in parallel on the multiple processors of the GPU† (Patterson et al, 2009, p.A-5). This CUDA model regards graphics devices as discrete co-processors to the CPU. CUDA programs as mentioned before â€Å"are based on the C programming language with certain extensions to utilize the parallelism of the GPU. These extensions also provide very fast implementations of standard mathematical functions such as trigonometric functions, ï ¬â€šoating point divisions, logarithms, etc.† (Alerstam et al, 2008, p.060504-2) Kernel functions which are basically C functions carried out in N parallel thr eads initiate the calculations on GPUs. In a semantic manner, the threads are formed in 1-2-3- proportional sets of up to threads of 512 known as ‘blocks’.   Every block is planned to run independently of each other on a multiprocessor. These blocks are simultaneously or sequentially executed in any order based on the resources of the system. However, this scalable notion comes at the cost of limiting communication amongst the threads (Diamantaras et al, 2010). For multiple threads to run simultaneously, a type of architecture known as the ‘Single Instruction, Multiple Threads’ (SIMT) is employed by the multiprocessors. The SIMT units in the multiprocessors develop planned activities and carries out sets of 32 parallel threads in regular succession. The efficient levels could be maximised if the identical instruction path is executed by every thread. The access of memory from the multiple threads could be joined together into one act of transacting memory, given that the successive threads obtain data from the very segment of memory (Diamantaras et al, 2010).   Diamantaras, Duch and Iliadi (2010) argue further, â€Å"Following such specific access patterns can dramatically improve the memory utilization and is essential for optimizing the performance of an application.† (p.83). Regardless of such optimal results, the CUDA framework is in fact meant for applications with a high concentration of arithmetic memory (Diaman taras et al, 2010). The CUDA model like the GPGPU model is massively parallel. However, it separates the sets of data into relatively small compact masses which are stored in on-chip memories. Several thread processors are then allowed to share every mass. The local storage of data cuts down the necessity of obtaining off-chip memory, which improves the performance. From time to time threads do need to obtain off-chip memory, for instance, to load off-chip data needed into the local memory. Off-chip memory accesses in the CUDA normally do not delay the thread processors. Rather, the delayed threads go into a queue of inactive nature and are substituted for another thread which would be available for execution.   As soon as the delayed data of the threads become obtainable, the threads enter into other queues which signal that they are ready to go. Bands of threads alternatively execute in a round-robin style, making sure that every thread gets to be executed on time without stalling the other threads (Halfhill, 2008). A prominent characteristic of a modern CUDA model is that programmers do not write threaded code in a clear concise manner. The manager of hardware threads manages the threading almost mechanically (Halfhill, 2008). â€Å"Automatic thread management is vital when multithreading scales to thousands of threads- as with Nvidia’s GeForce 8 GPUs, which can manage as many as 12,288 concurrent threads† (Halfhill, 2008, p.3). Even though the threads are light in weight, meaning that every thread runs on relatively small pieces of data, these threads are in fact fully developed. All threads have their own stacks, register files, program counters and local memories. Every thread processor has 32 bit wide 1024 registers enforced in static random access memory (SRAM) rather than latches. The GPUs preserve the threads which are not active and regenerate them once they reach their active form again. As Halfhill (2008) states, â€Å"Instructions from multiple threads can share a thre ad processor’s instruction pipeline at the same time, and the processors can switch their attention among these threads in a single clock cycle. All this run-time thread management is transparent to the programmer† (p.3) By taking away the load of managing the threads in an explicit manner, Nvivia makes the programming model more simplified. It removes an entire class of all likely bugs. Theoretically, the CUDA model eliminates the possibility of having deadlocks amongst the threads where deadlocks are said to be the occurrence of a blockage between many threads which prevents the threads from influencing and controlling the data. This creates repulsion where no single thread may be allowed to continue. The risk of having deadlocks is that they could lie in and wait without any detection in well behaved codes for decades (Halfhill, 2008).   CUDA could eliminate any deadlock, regardless of the number of threads running.   An application programming interface (API) named ‘syncthreads’ supplies clear synchronization of barriers. â€Å"Calling syncthreads at the outer level of a section of code invokes a compiler-intrinsic function that translates into a single instruction for the GPUâ €  (Halfhill, 2008, p.4). This instruction prevents threads from running on data which other threads are making use of. The point at which graphics processing intersects with parallel computing comes a modern prototype for graphics called ‘visual computing’. It plays a role of replacing broad segments of the â€Å"traditional sequential hardware graphics pipeline model† (Patterson et al, 2009, p.A-4) with geometric programming components, pixel and vertex systems. Patterson and Hennessy (2009) argue, â€Å"Visual computing in a modern GPU combines graphics processing and parallel computing in novel ways that permit new graphic algorithms to be implemented, and open the doors to entirely new parallel processing applications on pervasive high-performance GPUs.† (Patterson et al, 2009, p.A-4). Even though GPUs are considered to be the most parallel and the most potent processors in an average computer, they are arguably not the only processors in existence. CPUs have become multicore and in the near future would turn into manycore. They are considered to be primary successive processor companions and tend to compliment the hugely parallel manycore GPUs. These dual typed processors would incorporate heterogeneous multiprocessors (Patterson et al, 2009). GPUs have evolved into scalable parallel processors. The modern GPUs have further developed (function wise) from Video Graphics Arrays (VGA) controllers of constrained capabilities to programme centric parallel processors. The revolution has continued from the change of API based graphics pipelines to integrated programme centric components and by also devising a more programmable and less specialised hardware pipeline stage. In the end, it seemed sensible to unify distinct programmable pipelines to a merged array of several processors which were programmable. In the â€Å"GeForce 8-series generation of GPUs† (Patterson et al, 2009, p.A-5), the processing of pixel, vertex and geometry operate on the very same processor type.   This fusion enables impressive scalability. The entire system is greatened by more processor cores as process functions can make use of the total processor array (Patterson et al, 2009). The processor array is now made with fewer processors on the side of the spectrum as every function can be operated on the very same processor (Patterson et al, 2009, p.A5). However, a lesson that could be learnt from GPUs and graphics processing software is that an API does not disclose concurrency to programmers in a direct manner (Asanovic et al, 2006). â€Å"OpenGL, for instance, allows the programmer to describe a set of â€Å"vertex shader† operations in Cg (a specialized language for describing such operations) that are applied to every polygon in the scene without having to consider how many hardware fragment processors or vertex processors are available in the hardware implementation of the GPU† (Asanovic et al, 2006, p.13) The uniformity and scalability of the arrays brings modern programming models for GPUs. Solving non graphics issues is made possible by the significant amounts of floating-point power embedded in the processor arrays of the GPUs (Patterson et al, 2009). As Patterson and Hennessy (2009) say â€Å"Given the large degree of parallelism and the range of scalability of the processor array for graphics applications, the programming model for more general computing must express the massive parallelism directly but allow for scalable execution† (p.A-5). The vanguard of GPU hardware provides several floating points units running simultaneously on Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) vectors. They too run on scalar data types. Therefore a GPU could also carry out scalar functions concurrently, providing heterogeneous parallelism (Fritz, 2009). â€Å"Various generations of Intel Pentiums and Power PCs only feature up to three 4-way SIMD vector processing units.† (Fritz, 2009, p.2). What this signifies is that a GPU could provide SIMD parallelism in both a single component and even across a battalion of components; alternatively just the element wise parallelism is exploited by SIMD CPUs (Fritz, 2009). It is believed by Intel that (many core) processors support tens and thousands of multiple threads. Following a series of tests with the hyper threading and dual core technologies, those who manufacture CPUs have now undeniably entered the (multi core) era. In the not so distant future, all-purpose processors would contain not just tens and hundreds but thousands of cores (Offerman, 2010). However, according to nVidia, such processors do exist in the modern times; graphics processors contain tens and hundreds of cores and support thousands of multiple threads. GPUs are presently being separated as chips on graphics cards and motherboards. They are gradually being used by programmers who code applications (Offerman, 2010). â€Å"For specific problems they have found mappings onto these graphics engines that result in speedups by two orders of magnitude† (Offerman, 2010, p.1). These graphics processor manufacturers have become fully aware of this opportunity and are making efforts at devising their merchandise to access not just graphics processors (Offerman, 2010). From the point of view of a programmer, a CPU offers multi thread models enabling many control-flow instructions, whereas a GPU offers stream processing models which puts â€Å"large performance penalty on control flow changes..Currently, new programming languages and extensions to current languages are developed, supporting both explicit and implicit parallelism† (Offerman, 2010, p.1). All-purpose processing on a GPU is commonly known as â€Å"Stream Computing†. They stress on parallel computing which results in high performance. As Paolini (2009) quotes â€Å"Beyond simple multithreaded programming, stream computing represents a logical extreme, where a massive number of threads work concurrently toward a common goal† (p.49). However, even though a GPU consists of multiple core processors, they are mostly not all-purpose CPU cores. Therefore the cores become limited in susceptibility.   For instance, the modern NVidia GPU consists of several multiprocessors where each processor contains several SIMD stream processors. However, the memory structure in the architecture seems to be complex. Multiple memory types in the GPUs are categorised according to their scope. â€Å"Registers serve individual processors; shared memory, constant cache, and texture cache serve multiprocessors; and global device memory serves all cores† (Brito Alves et al, 20 09 p.785; Richardson and Gray, 2008). A reduced latency is allowed in the processor level by the memory so that the threads in the same block could communicate with each other whereas accessing the global device memory seems to have an increased latency which can be obtained from the CPU. â€Å"The problem must be highly parallel so that the program can break it into enough threads to keep the individual processors busy† (Wolfe, 2008, p.785). GPU architecture today has great potential in scientific computing and has the ability to provide effective parallel solutions for linear systems (Brito Alves et al, 2009). Conclusion Based on the facts and arguments mentioned above, it can be concluded that GPUs are in fact highly parallel structures. They make use of specialist architectures to execute extreme parallel calculations. Great emphasis was placed on the CUDA as it plays a vital role in the functioning of GPUs; The CUDA being a parallel computing architecture is the computing engine in a GPU. Professor Dongarra (2011), the Director of the Innovative Computing Laboratory of The University of Tennessee, states that GPUs have evolved to the point where many real-world applications are easily implemented on them and run significantly faster than on multi-core systems. Future computing architectures will be hybrid systems with parallel-core GPUs working in tandem with multi-core CPUs. (p.1). â€Å"Graphics processors deliver their highest performance at successive, relatively simple, massively parallel operations on large matrixes, using as few as possible control ï ¬â€šow instructions† (Offerman, 2010, p.34). Modern GPUs today have embedded architecture which enables the GPUs to emphasize on the execution of multiple concurrent threads.   This unique GPGPU approach known to solving computational problems gives GPUs the better edge to carrying out parallel computing in a more effective and comprehensive manner, making it one of the most parallel structures in the computer world today. Bibliography Alerstam, E., Svensson, T., Andersson-Engels, S. (2008) Parallel Computing with Graphics processing units for high-speed Monte Carlo simulation of phonton migration ONLINE: atomic.physics.lu.se/fileadmin/atomfysik/Biophotonics/Publications/Alerstam2008_JBOLetters.pdf [Accessed 28 March 2011] Asanovic, K.,  Bodik, R., Catanzaro, C.B.,   Gebis,  J.J., Husbands, P., Keutzer, K., Patterson, D.A.,  Plishker, W.L., Shalf, J.,  Williams, S.W., Yelick, K.A. (2006)   The Landscape of Parallel Computing Research: A View from Berkeley, Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences University of California at Berkeley scribd.com/doc/52168004/7/Computer-Graphics-and-Games [Accessed 31 March 2011] Barney, B. (2010) Introduction to Parallel Computing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ONLINE: https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/parallel_comp/ [Accessed 30 March 2011] Brito Alves, R.M., Oller Nascimento, C.A., Biscaia Jr. E.C. (2009) 10th International Symposium on process systems engineering, Computer-Aided chemical engineering, 27 ONLINE: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o5WVnm6RjosCpg=PA783dq=modern+parallel+computinghl=enei=WXyQTfftOoPJhAe1qIC8Dgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CDoQ6AEwAA#v=snippetq=Modern%20computing%20architectures%20are%20becoming%20more%20complex%20and%20the%20parallel%20computing%20f=false [Accessed 31 March 2011]   Diamantaras, K., Duch,W., Lliadis, L.S. (2010) Artificial Neural Networks- ICANN 2010, Part III, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heiderlberg Copyright ONLINE: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MZZwacoqtywCpg=PA83dq=graphics+processing+modern+parallel+computinghl=enei=S6-RTb6yBsXLhAekn9yRDwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=7ved=0CFEQ6AEwBg#v=onepageq=TeraFLOPSf=false   [Accessed 29 March 2011] Dongarra, J. (2011) Director of the Innovative Computing Laboratory, The University of Tennessee Nvidia Corporation (2011) ONLINE: nvidia.com/object/GPU_Computing.html [Accessed 4 April 2011] Fritz, N. (2009) SIMD Code Generation in Data-Parallel Programming. ONLINE: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hfrHzojrT-wCpg=PA1dq=graphics+processing+modern+parallel+computinghl=enei=S6-RTb6yBsXLhAekn9yRDwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4ved=0CEQQ6AEwAw#v=onepageq=graphics%20processing%20modern%20parallel%20computingf=true   [Accessed 1 April 2011] Halfhill, T.R. (2008) Parallel Processing with CUDA, Nvidia’s High-Performance Computing Platform Uses Massive Multithreading. Microprocessor: The Insider’s Guide to Microprocessor Hardware. ONLINE: hh.se/download/18.70cf2e49129168da0158000123243/3+Parallel+Processing+with+CUDA.pdf [Accessed 29 March 2011] Karniadakis, G., Kirby, R.M. (2003) Parallel Scientific Computing in C++ and MPI A Seamless Approach to Parallel Algorithms and Their Implementation, Cambridge University Press ONLINE:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KctfgAHqtl0Cpg=PA61dq=modern+parallel+computinghl=enei=WXyQTfftOoPJhAe1qIC8Dgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=5ved=0CFMQ6AEwBA#v=onepageq=modern%20parallel%20computingf=false  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   [Accessed 1 April 2011] Knowledge Base (2010) What are parallel computing, grid computing and supercomputing? University Information Technology Services, Indiana University ONLINE: http://kb.iu.edu/data/angf.html [Accessed 28 March 2011] Nvidia Corporation (2011) ONLINE: nvidia.com/object/GPU_Computing.html [Accessed 1 April 2011] Offerman, A. (2010) Modern Commodity Hardware for Parallel Computing, and Opportunities for Artificial Intelligence, Leiden University ONLINE: offerman.com/GPGPU/AO-psychology_thesis_report.pdf [Accessed 29 March 2011] Paolini. A.L. (2009) A real-time super resolution implementation using modern graphics processing units, University of Delaware ONLINE: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZdC0bzbe95MCpg=PA49dq=graphics+processing+modern+parallel+computinghl=enei=S6-RTb6yBsXLhAekn9yRDwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA#v=onepageqf=false [Accessed 30 March 2011] Patterson, D.A., Hennessy, J.L. (2009) Computer Organization and Design, The Hardware / Software Interface, 4th Edition ONLINE: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3b63x-0P3_UCpg=SL1-PA4dq=graphics+processing+modern+parallel+computinghl=enei=S6-RTb6yBsXLhAekn9yRDwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=2ved=0CDkQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageq=graphics%20processing%20modern%20parallel%20computingf=false [Accessed 29 March 2011] Reschke, J. (2004) Parallel Computing (Presentation)